Download pdf of Extraction Of Nonferrous Metals

Refining processes with examples for metals like Aluminium, Copper, Zinc, Lead. Fundamentals Ray, H. Dragging him out of his isolation and throwing him. Nonferrous metal production holds a special role earn dollars a month guide pdf in the propelling global economy vis- -vis answering to.

Mine reserves, metal extraction, metal purification and productivity enhancement along with long. Among non-ferrous metals copper, nickel and cobalt, due to. Extraction ofNon-ferrous Metals, H. Sridhar, K. P, Ltd. Mechanical Working of Metals.

Principles of production of Ferrous and Non ferrous metals overview of alloy making and units. Russian Journal of Non-Ferrous Metals. All steps in extraction of primary nonferrous metals can be highly polluting because of emission of air. Ray 1. Ray: industrial and scientific aspects of non-ferrous metals production.

Sridhar, Abraham K. Extraction of. Physical Chemistry of Metals, L. Darken and G. Gurry, Tata Mc-Graw hill. Sridhar and K. Extraction ecology and ecosystem conservation pdf of non-ferrous Metals by H. And a very important. Please note that mailing lists are independent from each other. Home Extraction Of Nonferrous Metals. Click on image to Zoom. Call us on or. Our domestic services cover every corner of urban and rural India.

Ships in days. Pick Of The Day. It carries the prestige of over 47 years of retail experience. If you believe that your personal data has been misused, you have the right to lodge a complaint with a supervisory authority. It happens, just reset it in a minute. Please enter your User Name, email ID and a password to register. The book covers all basic concepts and definitions related to metal extraction, and provide succinct summaries of relevant metallurgical processes.

It also covers the scientific and engineering aspects of nuclear. Available in. An up-dating of the extracting and refining processes used in treatment of nonferrous metals. Considers both pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical methods. Text divides metals into reactive and non-reactive, describes similarities in treatment for different metals, and details the specific process for each metal.

Chapter on environment considerations covers methods used to. I will try to avoid the details. When you would need them, you can always find the term but understand why certain things, are done in a certain way, and not in another way. Now, when I joined IIT Kanpur, which is way back in , the first assignment, given to me, was teaching of non-ferrous extractive metallurgy to undergraduate students.

I know they were very bright people and the thing was taught, in the fourth year. Since, I did not know the subject, I then asked to some of my colleagues that why you are not teaching it, because obviously they are more knowledgeable, and are more senior. I understood that nobody wanted to teach the course, because they all thought it was a very boring subject, they were not very many good books either. I went to the library and I saw some books; they read like encyclopedias.

A famous book, which was followed at that time as a textbook, was by Bray. That book started with aluminum, the logic here is aluminum starts with A, and it ended with zinc, because it starts with Z. Had aluminum been called as zaluminum, it would have gone to the end, and had zinc been called something with A, it would have been discussed first then. This, I thought was ridiculous, and I thought the book gave information, but it is not a book, which can be used for teaching.

So, I started writing a book and finally, with two other colleagues of mine, I wrote this book. Ray, R Sridhar and K. P Abraham. I would follow this book to a large extent. It has not been revised, in the last 25 years and it is going to the thirteenth print.

So, many of the data given are old, but the principles are not old. The principles remain the same, but I would certainly update, as I go on. As I said, we have tried to give logic for this course in this book and to that, I will come little later. The logic is simply is this; I would try to put all this metals in some groups.

There will be four or five groups. They will be discussed in terms of their occurrence in nature. Because if they occur in nature in one form, then the processes for their extraction, would be governed by one logic, than if, they were present in another form.

Refer Slide Time: Now, let me give you, write, discuss two equations. To tell you how… that when you write an equation in non-ferrous metallurgy, we are not doing what we do in chemistry. Had this been, a course in chemistry, I would have said that sodium can be titanium can be produced by reduction of titanium tetrachloride by magnesium or reduction of titanium tetrachloride by sodium and period, and then I proceed to something else. But, actually here, once I write these equations, I start thinking of something quite different from what a chemist, will do.

Why should this difference be there? There is a very interesting reason. I am not going to discuss everything now but I will hint at it. It is what you call as a termolecular equation in a condensed phase. One molecular titanium chloride, finds two atoms of magnesium, and forms a titanium atom and magnesium chloride in bulk. There are atoms of titanium being produced, one after another.

There is no reason, why they should be consolidated, they remain separated and they produce a spongy mass. Because, if you look at it, what the reaction says is, that you have a gas phase and if one molecule of titanium tetrachloride, which is moving around, finds four atoms of sodium at one place, then a reaction takes place.

What is the probability that four atoms of sodium, one molecule of titanium tetrachloride to come to one point. Probability, I think is not existing. This reaction cannot take place like this, because a penta molecular reaction, in a gas phase, is not what you expect to occur. Then what would be the other way of doing things. Refer Slide Time: I propose that it does not occur like that.

Actually, there are simpler reactions that take place. Like sodium reacts with one molecule of titanium tetrachloride, produces a sub halide such as titanium trichloride, which then dissolves in sodium chloride.

Then sodium reacts with titanium trichloride, which is in the liquid state, produces another sub halide titanium dichloride and sodium chloride. May be some sodium also dissolves to some extent in the liquid state, and reactions take place there.

Now, can I give a proof that these things happen? People have found and yes! These phases have been found, in sodium chloride phase; they are transient phases, which mean they come and go. So, the summoned substance is that the reaction of reduction of titanium tetrachloride, by sodium is not taking place in the vapor phase. It is actually taking place in the sodium chloride phase. So, there is formation of sub-halides. When we write the penta molecular reaction, it is an overall reaction, period; that, does not give the mechanism of the reaction.

Once you understand the mechanism, which is the reaction occurring in the liquid phase, then something more interesting phases of the reaction, are coming out. We will show that later. So, you see that just writing a reaction is not enough in process metallurgy; we have to understand the mechanism behind it.

Let me proceed to another reaction. Refer Slide Time: Many oxides, which we have written as MxOy, can be reduced by aluminum, because aluminum forms a more stable oxide Al2O3, and it releases the metal. For example, if you can take Fe2O3 and mix with the aluminum powder, all that one has to do is simply to ignite it, and there are many methods of igniting. Just a small part of it should become, heated to degrees or so; then the reaction that proceeds is highly exothermic and then it becomes autogenous, means you do not have to supply any more heat.

It would continue, not only continue, but also, also actually sometimes become explosive, because so much of heat is generated. We then might have to control the reaction, by keeping their excess of metal M, so that it can absorb some heat and control the reaction. A thermic mixture is made by mixing aluminum powder and iron oxide. Sometimes it can be pure iron ore.

This can be used to weld cracks in railway tracks, in rails. If you find there is a crack, then you make a mould around it, put this mixture and simply ignite it. Reaction takes place, molten iron produced, fills the gap, and the rail is welded. On the spot, you can do this; you do not have to bring a furnace or anything.

You just need a device to ignite and there are many ways of putting initial heat. Now this is not the only reaction. Aluminum, as well as calcium, both of them form stable oxides and can reduce many metal oxides. Now, we might be tempted to think, that these reactions are very favorable, from energy point of view because once started, you do not have to supply any more heat and it goes on producing heat.

But the fact is this is a wrong way of looking at things. We are being very shortsighted. The question to be answered is, to make it energy favorable from the point of view of energy; we also have to ask that question how much energy is required to produce aluminum, which is a reducing agent.

It may so happen that aluminum needs a lot of energy to be produced. So, if you take that energy into count, then it is not a very good process, from the energy point of view. We take into account all the energy that goes into production of the raw materials - input side. Then we take into account, the exothermic heat that is coming out. We also take into account, the sensible heat of the products. May be there are gases that would come out, and from where we may be able to extract some sensible heat.

This process is not favorable from point of view of energy. So, this is the way we will analyze things. Before I proceed further, let me first define what a non-ferrous metal is.